Book Review
Title: Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development, Special Features, and Criticism
Author: Dr. Muhammad Zubayr Siddiqi
Publisher: Jay Kay Books, Srinagar
First Published: 1 January 1961
Republished: 1 January 2016
Pages: 220
Price: Rs. 1095 (Hardcover)
The significance of Hadith and its sciences in Islamic literature cannot be overstated, as they play a crucial role in understanding the evolution of Islamic thought and, more specifically, Islamic law. The painstaking effort of successive generations of Muslims from diverse regions in collecting Hadith serves as a compelling source of inspiration. Together with the Quran, Hadith forms the cornerstone of the social framework for Muslims, providing the foundation for the reconstruction of Islamic thought to contemporary needs.
The exploration of Hadith methodology and literature became a focal point for Muslim scholars starting in the third century (A.H). This scholarly engagement resulted in the creation of numerous works on the subject, ranging from Ma’rifa Uloomul Hadith to Muqaddima Ibn Salah. This extensive body of work led to the emergence of hundreds of branches, transforming Hadith studies into one of the most enriched disciplines within Islamic literature.
Despite the wealth of knowledge generated, these works remained largely inaccessible to English readers. Moreover, the early twentieth century saw a surge of skepticism from orientalists, casting doubts on Hadith studies. This prompted the need for a comprehensive yet introductory book that could address and dispel the uncertainties raised by these Western scholars, whether intentional or unintentional.
One of the earliest books on Hadith methodology and literature in the English language that played a pivotal role in shaping subsequent works is ‘Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development, Special Features And Criticism,’ initially published in 1961 by Dr. Muhammad Zubayr Siddiqi (1886-1976). Dr. Siddiqi, a distinguished scholar who served as a professor and head of the Department of Arabic and Persian Studies and the Department of Islamic Culture at Calcutta University, remains one of the rare influential figures of the twentieth century in the subcontinent, leaving a lasting impact on English readers. Unfortunately, his contributions have regrettably faded into relative obscurity in contemporary times.
This pioneering work, later republished as ‘Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development, and Special Features,’ stands out as one of the earliest comprehensive introductions to the subject in English. Dr. Siddiqi acknowledged that, at the time of writing, he was aware of only one other English-language book on the topic, ‘The Traditions of Islam’ by Alfred Guillaume. However, he noted that Guillaume’s work was written from a Western critical perspective and presented a biased view of Hadith.
Renowned Islamic scholar Muhammad Mustafa Al-Azami, a recipient of the King Faisal International Award, commended Siddiqi’s work in his book ‘Hadith Methodology and Literature,’ stating, “ Only a few books on the science of Hadith have been written in English and most of them seem to be meant to confuse the readers. The only one in English which can claim scholarly merit is one by Professor Zubayr Siddiqi.”
In the author’s own words, the primary objective of composing this “little book” was to present the viewpoint of orthodox Islam on Hadith literature, its origin, development, and criticism by Muslim scholars to both English-speaking Muslims and non-Muslims. Another crucial motive, as explained by the author, was to employ modern critical methods of literary and historical research to establish the reliability of Hadith literature. This was particularly important in response to claims by orientalists questioning its authenticity and character.
Dr. Siddiqi’s work drew on a wealth of Arabic sources dating back to the early Islamic era, as well as contributions from eminent orientalists like A. Sprenger, I. Goldziher, J. Horovitz, A.J. Wensinck, and others who significantly influenced the field of Hadith literature.
The book is organized into eight chapters, each contributing to a comprehensive exploration of Hadith literature. The introductory section sets the stage for the subsequent chapters. In Chapter 1, the focus is on elucidating the meaning and significance of Hadith and Sunnah, while also shedding light on the early stages of Hadith literature.
Moving to Chapter 2, titled ‘Hadith and the Companions,’ the discussion centers on the term “Companion” or “Sahabi,” who served as the primary transmitters of Hadith. This chapter delves into their dedicated efforts to transmit the traditions of the Prophet with precision. It also addresses the debates surrounding the permissibility and prohibition of Kitabat (writing) of Ahadith during the time of Prophet Muhammad.
Chapter 3, ‘Hadith After the Death of the Companions,’ shifts the focus to the history of Tabiun and Taba’ tabiun. It explores their endeavors to preserve the traditions handed down by the Companions, detailing their extensive journeys and the critical methods employed to distinguish authentic Ahadith from forged ones.
Chapters 4 and 5 take a closer look at various works within Hadith literature. The author highlights their unique features and provides concise biographies of their respective authors.
In Chapter 6, ‘Some of The Special Features of Hadith Literature,’ the author engages in thought-provoking discussions. From the origins of the Isnad System to the role of women in transmitting and critiquing Ahadith, the chapter captures the discreetness and unmatched dedication of traditionists, showcasing the author’s deep expertise.
Chapters 7 and 8 offer a brief overview of Uloomul Hadith, its related branches, and significant contributions to the field. The reader is introduced to diverse methods of Hadith criticism, encompassing both Sanad (Ilm Riwayat Al-Hadith) and Matan (Ilm Jarh wa Al-Ta’dil).
The book concludes with a proposal directed at Muslim scholars and orientalists proficient in Hadith, to compile a standard edition encompassing all authentic traditions.
The book also features illustrations of Hadith literature manuscripts dating back to the early period of Islam. These manuscripts, sourced from the libraries of Patna and Istanbul, attest to the author’s meticulous efforts in acquiring and incorporating these historical documents into the book.
Noteworthy discussions within the book extend beyond conventional perspectives of their time. For instance, a groundbreaking chapter challenges prevailing notions by examining the contributions of women traditionists in preserving and transmitting Hadith. This exploration dispels myths surrounding Muslim women’s participation in knowledge acquisition and transmission, countering the notion that they were confined to their homes. The significance of this discussion is further emphasized by its resonance with contemporary scholars like Mohammed Akram Nadwi.
The author doesn’t shy away from critiquing present practices in the teaching of Hadith literature, including the teaching system itself. He observes that, in the modern era of printing presses and abundant copies, the traditional system of teaching Ahadith, involving a student obtaining permission (Ijaza) from a teacher, has become a mere formality. According to the author, this evolution has shifted the focus away from crucial aspects such as ‘Ilm Asma Al-Rijal’. This critical perspective challenges established norms and underscores the author’s commitment to maintaining rigorous standards in Islamic education.
These instances demonstrate that the author exercises discernment in evaluating information, rejecting an indiscriminate acceptance of ideas from classical Muslim scholars or Western orientalists. Throughout the book, the author consistently applies his principles and research standards, frequently expressing disagreement and criticism of certain traditions found in the six canonical collections. This approach reflects a commitment to intellectual integrity and an unwavering dedication to the pursuit of knowledge within the field of Hadith literature.
Professor Siddiqi’s book stands out for its impartiality and thoroughness, representing a significant step toward fostering objective studies on the subject. The language employed is both simple and eloquent, maintaining an unvarnished quality that contributes to the book’s accessibility. A distinctive narrative technique is employed, skillfully presenting the events involving various traditionists as they transmitted traditions, enhancing the clarity of the text. Notably, the absence of excessive technical terms and details does not compromise the book’s high academic standard.
The book has garnered acclaim and reviews from scholars in the West, receiving recognition in reputable academic journals, including the Journal of American Oriental Society.
However, it is crucial to acknowledge certain issues within the book that warrant attention and resolution. For instance, the conflicting portrayal of Hasan Al-Basari as a forger of hadith in one instance, juxtaposed with later references depicting him as a pillar of Hadith literature, requires serious consideration by experts in the field.
Despite these concerns, the book remains an indispensable read for those interested in the evolution of intellectual culture, particularly during the golden age of Islam. Moreover, it serves as a source of inspiration for individuals engaged in scholarly pursuits, contributing to the ongoing reconstruction of Islamic thought in contemporary times. The book’s strengths in impartiality, accessibility, and narrative technique make it a valuable resource for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the historical and intellectual foundations of Islam.
Great and unbiased review!